神奇的费曼先生

马克很久终于打开的一部纪录片，原来是一部跟物理学家有关的纪录片（然而，我高中最烂的科目就是物理。。。）费曼也是诺贝尔奖的获得者。

费曼很幸福，小时候就有了自己的实验室。他的爸爸在军队工作，反而鼓励儿子藐视权威。

受父亲影响，费曼并不在意什么荣誉，甚至诺贝尔奖。感觉真心要搞科学研究的人，确实会不那么在意外界给的荣誉，只是集中注意力去解决手上的问题。费曼的很大的一个特质就是，喜欢发现新生的事物，解决问题。

费曼还跑去学了画画，虽然周围的人觉得他不应该浪费时间在这些看起来没什么意义的爱好上。

但我周围一帮智商高的人除了自己的专业，也会有很多爱好，并且对自己的爱好跟自己专业一样上头，就类似于搞研究。我记得我周围有一个理工男生，给我们分享自己的一个音乐爱好的时候，做了25页的PPT。总的来说，学业优秀的人做其他的事情也很全情投入。

最后费曼查找NASA的挑战者号的发射失败问题时，片中提出一个观点，大自然不会被愚弄。人在积极努力改造自然的时候，自然并不会是完全被动地接受改造。

Physics is to math what sex is to masturbation.

Physics is like sex: sure, it may give some practical results, but that's not why we do it.

I... a universe of atoms, an atom in the universe.

On the other hand, I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics.

Science is what we have learned about how to keep from fooling ourselves.

Physics isn't the most important thing. Love is.

他有一个爱他的父亲，从小给他念大英百科全书，支持他做各种奇怪实验。他自己也是个有爱的父亲，每周陪儿子散步，解答各种各样的问题。

无比欣赏费曼对于诺贝尔奖的态度【I have already got the prize. The prize is the pleasure of finding the thing out. The kick in the discovery. The observation other people use it. Those are the real things. The honors are unreal to me.】

用一年的年假时间研究病毒和蚂蚁社会学。

给看了自己节目而疯狂着迷自己的学生母亲写信：物理不是最重要的，爱才是。

与艺术家朋友讨论花的欣赏：可以欣赏常人眼中的花的外表，也可以欣赏它的细胞，化学反应。同时，花的美艳是为了吸引昆虫前来采蜜以便授粉，也就是说昆虫也能欣赏花的美———美感也存在于低等生物之中。———科学知识只是将有趣的问题附加给花。

参与调查挑战者号失事原因：For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations for nature cannot be fooled.

69岁的光阴，早年丧妻，中年到最后都在保受癌症困扰。然而他热爱生活，好奇感，好玩感，反独裁，自由探索充斥着他的生活！有趣！

二、费曼的教育问题。
很明显，费曼父亲的教育成就了费曼，也毁了费曼。费曼擅长的是“形象思维”，不是“抽象思维”，他喜欢将任何理论的东西具体化，形象化，这是使得他给物理教学带来巨大的冲击；但是另一方面讲，他并没有从源头提出任何理论性的东西。而且因为他兴趣广泛，所以也有了“浅尝即止”的问题，所以他无法提出伟大的理论，也无法构建强大的体系。他只能创造性地提出问题的解答。
正如《情》一开始，非常引入注意，也非常震撼人心的父子散步。费曼显得多么好奇，而且喜欢思考，而父亲又显得那么循循善诱，培养儿子的科学底子。甚至，看这个片段，我们会想起一句话：给我一个健康的孩子，我能让他成为任何人。因为这《神》中，费曼的妹妹告诉记者，当我母亲怀了第一胎的时候，我的父亲就说，“如果是个男孩，我想让他成为一个科学家。”当然，说这话的也得有费曼父亲的本事，至少他懂得“惯性定理”还懂得如何让孩子去感受它。
1.费曼的父亲到底教了费曼什么？
《情》当初吸引我的，就是因为一开始父亲回答费曼“那鸟叫什么？”的问题，所作的回答：如果我能用世界上各种语言告诉你那鸟叫什么，也不过是不同国家的人们对它的不同叫法。你对它还是一无所知。你得好好看看它，好好听听它，并且努力理解它在做什么。这样你才可能真正了解它。很明显这句话对费曼的影响也相当深远，甚至他此后自己也经常提起。父亲教给费曼的是一种方式：什么是真正的知识，什么是真正的“知”。知道一个事物，不是表面的“名称”，而是具体的真相。
不仅如此，父亲还教给了费曼将抽象的事物、规律形象化的习惯。《神》中，费曼谈到：当我还是个孩子的时候，爸爸经常让我坐在他的膝盖上念《不列颠百科全书》给我听，他也会讲关于恐龙的故事。他会这样说，比如“这个东西有25英尺高，它的头有6英尺宽”，所以，他总是停下来说，“让我们看看那意味着什么”，“那就意味着如果它站在我们家的前院，它就高的足以把它的头伸进窗户里来，但并不完全，因为头有点过宽了”，这样思考非常令人兴奋和感兴趣，有这样巨大的动物，但它们都灭绝了。并且在当时，没有人知道原因。这就是我父亲教育我的方式。
很明显，这样的方式深刻的影响了费曼，以至于他在教学中也是如此。就像《挑》中，一开始费曼在给学生讲课时，居然弄个西方古代锁住囚犯的大铁球。然后把它当“摆子”，向学生示范“钟摆实验”。他抱着它朝学生砸去，学生吓到了，然后大铁球又摆回来。他说：你们不会有事的，可能我有点危险。然后当摆子停止他下巴前方，没有砸到他脑袋时，大家似乎才把悬起的心放下。其实科学揭示的定律早已决定了这一切，但是费曼还是可以让它深入人心。这是一种教学手段，而且很有效。我们可能一节课给学生讲很多知识，可能讲得很详细也很生动，但是却不如这样的形式，可能带来的“心灵冲击”。大家都会记住，而且会思考，可能还会去探索更多更多。所以，费曼也就也有了这样的思维和处事习惯。
更重要的是，父亲教给了费曼“不要服从权威”。之前从《居里夫人》中我们已经了解到这句话了。现在费曼又强调了。在《神》中，费曼回忆：我父亲教给我的一件事情就是不要尊重权威，他打开一份报纸《纽约时报》，图上可能印着一个将军，然后他就会说“看看，现在这些人”他说，“这里有一个人站着而其他人都在鞠躬。那么，这里有区别吗？为什么他们都要向他鞠躬？只是因为他的名声和他的地位，因为他的军服。而不是因为他做了什么特别的事情”。当然，费曼现实中到处捣蛋，其实也是因为他骨子里“毫无权威存在感”又充满“挑战权威的欲望”。正如《情》中所展示的，在参与原子弹研制这个超级军事机密工作中，他为了自己独占个房间，还在这双人宿舍里晾起妻子的睡衣，喷香水，撒香粉，弄得别人不敢搬进来；为了嘲弄门卫，故意钻铁网，又故意“无进有出”，一再到门卫面前晃，提醒他把自己逮捕起来。这些很明显，既赋予了他的“发现力”，也让他变得“有趣”。
事实证明，费曼父亲的教育是成功的，因为根据《神》的说法：17岁那年，费曼赢得了在纽约的数学竞赛，随后人们就知道了，在数学学科里他具有极大的天赋。他获得了一个名额到麻省理工学院就读。从麻省毕业，费曼转到了普林斯顿，在数学科目和物理入学考试取得满分，一个空前绝后的成绩。而且费曼成为一名科学家，而且还是拿了诺贝尔奖的科学家。
但是，正如前面第一节讨论的，费曼为什么不能和费米、狄拉克并列，甚至成为牛顿、爱因斯坦那样的大师？很明显不是他的智力不够，基础不好。而是因为他的兴趣太过于广泛，而不够专注。查阅科学家的资料，包括费米、狄拉克，我们会发现他们和费曼一样都有着天才般惊人的“学历和成绩”。但是他们更多的是专注。“天才与勤奋”是缺一不可的，而费曼，的确他非常出名，但是出名更多的是因为他“不落俗套”，喜欢并擅长“引人注目”，最关键的是还是第一节，《神》中所言：纵观他的一生，费曼拒绝权威，拒绝顺从，宁可取而代之地顺从自己的热情。从玩邦哥鼓到生物学，从写诗到绘画，从计算机到开保险箱，费曼的魅力广为人知。
天才如果专注，那么就可以进入大师的殿堂；天才如果不够专注，那么就只是一个天才。所以，费曼的父亲将费曼带入一个精彩的世界，却没有教给他专注，这就是问题所在。

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筆記。

But you got to stop and think about the complexity, the INCONCEIVABLE nature of nature! 你需要停下來思考一下這些複雜性，這些不可思議的自然之本質。

I was born not knowing, and have only had a little time to change that here and there. — Richard Feynman我生來一無所知，只是有一點時間在這兒或那兒對此做些改變。

Their father, Melville Feynman, worked for a company which made uniforms. This exposure to the military led to a strong rejection of authority, a value he instilled in his son. One of the things that my father taught me was a disrespect. He'd open a picture, a New York Times, maybe it was a General, and he'd say, "Now, look at these humans," he'd say. "Here's one human standing here and all these others are bowing. Now, what is the difference? Why are they all bowing to him? Only because of his name and his position. Because of his uniform. Not because of something he especially did." 為一家製作軍服的公司工作的父親對自己的兒子注入的價值觀：反對威權

To every man is given the key to the gates of heaven. The same key opens the gates of hell. — Buddhist saying, re-quoted by Richard Feynman每個人都被給予一枚通往天堂之門的鑰匙，同一枚鑰匙也開啟地獄之門。(佛教徒的說法，為費曼引用)

Despite being a key member of the most secret Government project of the war, Feynman's streak of maverick mischief was never far away. 'So I used to pick the locks all the time and point out that it was very easy to do, and every time we had a meeting of the whole…everybody together, I'd get up and I'd say that we have important secrets and we shouldn't keep them in such thing. We need better locks!' 開鎖的癖好 /最出色的偵探也可以是最出色的竊賊

There is pleasure in recognizing old things from a new viewpoint. — Richard Feynman有一種喜悅在於從一個新的視點去認知舊事物之中。

They expected me to be wonderful to offer me a job like this, and I wasn't wonderful. I though to myself, "I haven't done anything important. And I'm never going to do anything important. But I used to enjoy physics and mathematical things and because I used to play with it, it was never very important. But I used to do things for the fun of it. So I decided, I'm going to do things only for the fun of it. " 對自己的清醒認識以及只出於玩樂去做事情的心態 /是玩樂而不是享樂

The simple little diagrams Feynman had invented were a brilliant way to sidestep the complicated calculations required for QED. They were a sort of shortcut, allowing him to avoid the infinities and make meaningful predictions about the world. He saw that there was actually a sort of pictorial way of thinking about these pictures, these equations. You could associate a little cartoon, a little Feynman diagram, as we now call them, to every one of these terms in the equation. 用簡單的圖形 (diagram) 巧妙避開QED(Quantum ElectroDynamics 量子電磁力學) 中 infinite ∞ 的 indefinite. 用一種圖形化 (pictorial) 的方式思考情景圖像以及方程。 /如果費曼的藝術老師是達芬奇本尊也許繪畫和物理都將更進一大步

The prize is the pleasure of finding the thing out. The kick in the discovery. The observation other people use it. Those are the real things! The honours are unreal to me. I don't believe in honours. It bothers me. Honours bothers me! Honours is epaulettes. Honours is uniforms. 發現事物真相的樂趣就是獎賞 /諾貝爾獎的得主都不屑得獎這才是諾貝爾獎的意義

Stop trying to fill your head with science - for to fill your heart with love is enough. — Richard Feynman有愛足夠 (mischievous backfire letter)

Probability & Uncertainty - the quantum mechanical view of nature Professor Richard Feynman gives the message lectures Cornell University 費曼在康乃爾大學的演講：可能性與不可確定性 － 自然的量子機械視點

Californian artist, Jirayr Zorthian (1911-2004) 加州亞美尼亞裔藝術家 They met at a party where Feynman played bongos.

I think he maybe got a kick out of working with his hands, but particularly the pen and doing features of people. So enthusiastic an art student was Feynman, that he took to spending time in Giannoni's, a strip bar in Pasadena. Here, he divided his attention between sketching the girls and solving physics equations. 用繪畫捕捉人物的特徵

We both liked spaghetti, because it was easy to cook, and I ask him why it was that when you broke a piece of spaghetti, it often broke into three pieces, instead of two? You should try it, it really does. So, of course, he came up with a theory of it immediately, but instead of being satisfied with it he constructed an experiment to see if the theory was true, which involved slowly moving the spaghetti off the end of the table and breaking it at different lengths. And then, that theory was wrong and he came up with another theory and then each theory would lead to another experiment. By the time the evening was over, we had broken spaghetti all over the place and we STILL didn't know why spaghetti broke in three places. 義大利麵條三斷論的實驗 ／其實生活中處處是驚奇

He didn't need the external validation of having everybody respecting him all the time, because he respected himself, he knew he was an extraordinary person. 他並不需要外部的肯定讓每個人在任何時候都要遵奉他 /越是糟糕的教授越會自卑到讓學生必須尊稱professor

Freely admitting that, yes, he was laughing at his own history. 他會對自己的過去發笑

I have a friend who's an artist and he's sometimes taken a view, which I don't agree with very well. You hold up a flower and say, "Look how beautiful it is." And I'll agree. And he says, I, as an artist, can see how beautiful this is, but you, as a scientist, take this all apart and it becomes a dull thing. And I think that he's kind of nutty. First of all, the beauty that he sees is available to other people and to me too. I believe, although I may not be quite as refined aesthetically as he is, that I can appreciate the beauty of the flower. At the same time, I see much more about the flower than he sees. I could imagine the cells in there, the complicated actions inside, which also have a beauty. I mean, it's not just beauty at this dimension of one centi-metre, there's also beauty at a smaller dimensions, the inner structure. Also the processes. The fact that the colours and the flower are evolved in order to attract insects to pollinate it is interesting. It means that insects can see the colour. It adds a question, does this aesthetic sense also exist in the lower forms? Why is it aesthetic? All kinds of interesting questions, which are science knowledge only adds to the excitement and mystery and the awe of a flower. It only adds. I don't understand how it subtracts.

我有一個朋友他是藝術家，他有時持有一種見解我並不是很同意。他拿起一枝花說，“看它多漂亮”，我同意，然後他說，我是一個藝術家，能夠看到它是多麼漂亮，而你，是一個科學家，你把它都分解開來，就會變得很無趣了。我覺得這就有點怪異了。首先，他看到的那種美對其他人和我都是可以看到的。我相信，儘管我可能沒有像他那樣更精練審美的程度，我也是可以欣賞花朵之美的。而同時，關於花我比他看到的更多。我可以想像它的細胞，其中的複雜動作，這些也都有一種美。我的意思是，並不是只在這一釐米的尺度之上的美，再更小的尺度上，在它的內部結構中，也有美。也包括各種過程。花朵顏色的進化旨在吸引昆蟲授粉這個事實也是很有趣的。它意味著昆蟲可以看到色彩。它增加了一個問題，在低等(生物)形式中是否也存在這樣的美感？為什麼會是審美？ 各種各樣有趣的問題，科學知識只會對在一枝花的興奮感 (excitement)，神秘 (mystery) 和驚奇 (awe) 有所增加。它只會增加，我不明白它怎麼會減少。

/這是費曼被引用很多的一段話。科學和藝術，無論對立或者一致，總是很難分割。這位所謂“藝術家”，他的意思就好像，你看那有個美女真是太美了，但如果你知道那美女也會拉屎放屁，那你就不會覺得美了，而是變得平淡無聊。就對自然的審美而言，藝術家和普通人並沒有多大分別，分別在於藝術家在觀察、思考、表達的創作過程，都不是簡單的複製，而是同科學家一樣的探索。因此當觀察流於表面的時候，結果可想而知。將美女物化與將她做為一個複雜的人欣賞到的美有深淺之分。另外，如果說拒絕理性思考是為了有更多想像的空間，依然與創作者的知識和經歷有關，否則就只會是臆想，結局通常是精神分裂症。優秀的藝術作品是可以被從各種層面理解的，因為它最接近自然真實的本質。

And so on Monday morning we met in my office and he sat down and started working, and he was consumed by it. All his energy and attention was devoted to solving this problem. 所有的能量和注意力都在致力於解決問題

For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations for nature can not be fooled. — Richard Feynman真相必需優先公共關係，因為自然不能被愚弄。

He asked me what I thought he should do so I just asked him, "Do you think it's an important problem?" And he said, yes he did. I said, "Do you think you can make a difference?" And he said, after a while, he said, "Well, yeah, probably can." I didn't say another word. And after a few minutes hesitation he said, "To hell with you, Hibbs," and hung up. 你認為它是一個重要的問題嗎？你認為你可以讓它有些不同嗎？

William Rogers (1913-2001) 美國政治家，外交官，律師。 His formal, bureaucratic approach was the polar opposite of the freewheeling maverick professor. General Donald Kutyna (1933- ) 美國空軍軍官。 And so I went through this very logical step-by-step process of how you investigate a space, /在 formal, bureaucratic approach 和 logic step-by-step 之間似乎有種內在的相似。但是當規程變成繁文縟節，政府的效率就會降低；而邏輯一步步的清晰明了卻有利調查工作的進行。

It wasn't simply a technical puzzle, there was a human puzzle going on too. I already smell certain rats that I will not forget because I just love the smell of rats, for it is the spore of exciting adventure.' 這並不是一個簡單的技術謎題，而是也上演著一個人間謎題。我已經嗅到某種騙局的味道我不會忽略因為我喜歡這個味道，它是這場令人興奮的冒險的胞芽。

NASA wanted to control everything that they gave to the Commission and actually withheld things. They didn't lie, but they certainly didn't go around blabbing the truth either. NASA對調查委員會有所保留

It was Feynman's chance. He decided to use the power of a classic science demonstration. 這是費曼的機會。他決定運用經典科學演示的力量。

In the summer of 1986, the Commission's report was submitted. In its appendix, Feynman added a stark reminder about the limits of science. His last recommendation I think really summed it up in one simple paragraph. "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled." 對於一項成功的技術而言，真相必需優先於公共關係，因為自然不會被愚弄。 /在一個不追求真相的國度，既不會有科學也不會有藝術。只有踩在空中軟綿綿的感覺，等著必然到來一再會來的自然的懲罰。

I got off on the subject. I said, "I've been thinking about an invariant in turbulent flow." He said, "What do you mean?" I explained a little bit what it was all about. The invariant, you know. I said, "Well under these, such and such conditions." And he says, "Let's see." So I had a notebook there. He took the notebook and he started, he wrote it all down step by step. think it took 13 steps to get to that. He says, "Yes, that's true, it is an invariant." Then he says, "You got me thinking about physics again. I can go home now." / invariant… 想起一個很久遠的疑問，invariant 和 constant 有區別嗎？

'"The whole universe is in a glass of wine." I don't think we'll ever know in what sense he meant that. For the poets don't like to be understood.' 詩人不喜歡被理解

The most important thing I found out from [my father] is that if you asked any question and pursued it deeply enough, then at the end there was a glorious discovery of a general and beautiful kind. No Ordinary Geniuswikiquote

片尾介紹了英國公開大學的免費課程//www.open.edu/openlearn/free-courses/full-catalogue這些課程過於豐富，從 Big bang 到 parenting, 知識何止是海洋。我打算先選一個語言課程，Beginners’ French: A trip to Avignon，嗯，好像看到一隻蝸牛在笑.....